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HomeMy WebLinkAboutNEPA -CEQA Assessments for Homme -Adams and BLM Vistor Ctr Trail Loops CITY OF PALM DESERT I ,K-Cji \ :,_.LIto I c� DEPARTMENT OF COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ' `c / h••i #iota,• STAFF REPORT ..M To: Honorable Mayor and City Council From: Jeff Winklepleck, Parks and Recreation Planning Manager Date: October 24, 2002 Subject: Request for appropriation of funds in the amount of $32,000 for the preparation of NEPA/CEQA Assessments for the Homme/Adams and BLM Visitor Center Trail Loops. Recommendation: That the City Council authorize the expenditure of $32,000 from Account 880-0000- 239-0100 and release said funds to the Bureau of Land Management for the preparation of NEPA/CEQA Assessments for the Homme/Adams and BLM Visitor Center Trail Loops. II. Discussion: The Homme/Adams trail loop and BLM Visitors Center trail loop are Phase One of the Palm Desert Trails System and are currently in design. A portion of each of the trails is located on Bureau of Land Management (BLM) property which requires federal review and approval. Specialized environmental studies, which are compliant with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA), are required prior to submitting the project to the necessary state and federal agencies including the California Department of Fish and Game, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. No additional work can be completed on the trails prior to receiving these approvals. The scope of work includes the preparation of a biological assessment and a cultural resources assessment. Since federal land is involved, BLM will act as lead agency on the project and administrate the contract. G:\PlanningUeff Winklepleck\wpdocs\NEPACEQAassesmentHomme.wpd Staff Report Homme/Adams and BLM Visitor Center Trail Loops October 24, 2002 Two proposals were received to complete the required work and the results are as follows: Firm Amount 1 . Chambers Group, Inc. $32,000.00 2. Terra Nova, Inc. $51 ,830.00 Staff recommends that the City Council authorize the expenditure of$32,000 from Account No. 880- 0000-239-0100 and release the funds to the Bureau of Land Management for the preparation of the NEPA/CEQA assessments for the Homme/Adams and BLM Visitor Center trail loops. The draft assessment should be complete in about 30 days. /attachments Prepared b : Reviewed and Concu • JEFF I K EPLECK ER CROY PARKS & RECREATION ACM FOR D EL'OPMENT PLANNING MANAGER SERVICES Reviewed and Concur: Reviewed and Concur: PHIL DRELL CARLOS OR GA DIRECTOR OF COMMUNITY CITY MANAGER DEVELOPMENT * Approved 5-0, with direction to seek Reviewed and Concur: reimbursement of said funds from CVAG. SG- CITY COUNCIL/ACTION: u, APPROVED it DENIED PAUL GIB O. RECEIVED OTHER DIRECTO F FINANCE MEETING DATE Icy - -h AYES: V1S(.,`)1,0Y1 'S ` tL&)1c +E�C� NOES: lv ABSENT: G:\PlanningUeffWinklepleck\wpdocs\NEPACEQAassesmentHomme.wpd ABSTAIN: VERIFIED BY: Original on File th( ity Clerk's Office Chambers Group Inc. Biological Resources Cultural Resources October 3, 2002 Ms. Elena Misquez Palm Springs Office South Coast Field Office 690 W. Garnet Avenue P.O. Box 1260 North Palm Springs, CA 92258 Ms. Misquez; Re: Proposal to Prepare NEPA/CEQA Assessments for the Homme-Adams and BLM Visitor Center Trail Loops Chambers Group, Inc. (Chambers Group) is pleased to submit our Scope of Work and Cost Estimate to prepare NEPA/CEQA Assessments for the Homme-Adams and BLM Visitor Center Trail Loops. Our understanding, at this time, is that the project is to develop two trails as a trade-off solution for current land use conflicts between dog use and the Big Horn Sheep Institute at the current Art Smith Trail. The proposed Homme-Adams and BLM Visitor Center Trail Loops would provide a trade-off and essentially mitigate these land use conflicts with the Art Smith Trail. Seasonal restrictions would be placed on use of the Art Smith Trail. This proposal presents our general overall approach to preparation of the NEPA and CEQA documents, specific approaches to technical resource areas, and our cost estimate including costing assumptions. GENERAL APPROACH TO NEPA AND CEQA DOCUMENTATION This scope of work provides our approach to preparation of an Environmental Assessment (EA) leading towards a Finding of No Significant Impact (FONSI), in compliance with the NEPA, as well as the preparation of the Initial Study/Mitigated Negative Declaration (IS/MND)for the project in compliance with the CEQA. The purpose of an EA is to provide a concise public document,for which a federal agency is responsible(assumed to be the BLM), which briefly provides evidence for a FONSI. As long as any identified significant impacts can be reduced to levels less than significant,then a FONSI can be prepared for this project for compliance with NEPA. The EA will focus on those environmental areas where potential adverse impacts are anticipated. Similarly, the purpose of an IS is to provide a concise public document, for which a state or local jurisdiction is responsible,which briefly provides analysis and substantiation for ND. It is assumed that an expanded IS checklist will be prepared for this project. The IS will identify which environmental areas have potential for adverse impacts. The ND would provide sufficient information to establish mitigation measures to reduce any potential significant adverse impacts to levels less than significant and comply with responsible agency criteria, resulting in the MND. Prepare Initial Study and Initial Chapters of the Environmental Assessment Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Office Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 . , , , Chambers Group Inc. Environmental.Services Biological Resources Cultural Resources Project Initiation Chambers Group will review project information provided by the City and BLM to identify all potential environmental concerns to be addressed in the EA and the MND. Except for field work as described in this proposal, Chambers Group will use and rely on the documents provided, which are assumed to be adequate and will require no further verification of data contained within the documents. Purpose and Need for the Proposed Action and Proposed Project We will work closely with the City and BLM to develop a clear and concise statement of the need for the proposed trails. The statement of need for the project will b e included i n the i ntroductory c hapters o f the E A a nd MND documents. Project Description Chambers Group will work to develop project description that will be sufficient for the NEPA and CEQA documentation. It is important that the project description be as complete and detailed as possible, including information on the method of construction,construction equipment,and lengths of trails to be constructed.We understand that detailed maps are available through the City, and we will require copies of those with which to work. Development of Project Alternatives for EA As part of the NEPA, EA document, a review of project alternatives is required. Chambers Group will work closely with the City and BLM to develop project alternatives for evaluation and comparison with the proposed action. We will include review of any alternatives previously developed and rejected during the early stages of the project development process. At this time it is anticipated that these will include a No Action alternative and additional alternatives, which may consist of a different trail considerations. Closure of the Art Smith Trail with no new trails is probably not feasible and will be discussed as such, but not evaluated further. Prepare Screencheck EA and MND Documents For compliance with NEPA and CEQA, we proposed to prepare a combined EA/IS document. This would take the form of an EA with the CEQA IS checklist as an attachment. The EA will be formatted according to BLM Guidelines for preparing NEPA documentation(BLM Handbook H-1790-1). For each environmental discipline this will include a description of the affected environment, assessment of the impacts of the proposed action and alternatives, identification of any mitigation measures if significant impacts would occur,and determination of whether any residual impacts would remain after implementation of mitigation measures. For the IS,the format will be based on the current CEQA Guidelines or the City's checklist if different from the CEQA Guidelines. This format follows that of an expanded CEQA checklist focusing on responding to the level of impact associated with issues typically found in 15 separate environmental disciplines.A brief substantiation for level of impact for each checklist item or grouping of items will be prepared. Mitigation, if needed, will be provided as will determination of whether any residual impacts would remain after implementation of mitigation measures. Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Office Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 . . Chambers Group Inc. Environmental Services Biological Resources Cultural Resources Prior to submittal to the Lead Agencies, Chambers Group will submit three Screencheck copies for review by each agency. Review comments will be incorporated. It is assumed,for costing purposes,that one iteration and revision of the screencheck NEPA and CEQA documents will be prepared for each agency. Each Lead Agency will have requirements on the number of copies of the Draft documents. For purposes of costing for this proposal,we are assuming 40 copies of the EA/IS will be produced. Chambers will prepare one camera-ready copy for each Lead Agency and submit an electronic version on disk. Chambers Group will prepare the NEPA FONSI and CEQA MND form for submittal to the Lead Agencies for processing. Public Review The IS/MND will be submitted to the City and BLM for a 30-day review period. For the purposes of this cost proposal,it is assumed that the mailing list will have been developed by the City and BLM. Because the agencies will have specific requirements on distribution of the documents, mailing costs have not been incorporated in the cost portion of the proposal. If requested, Chambers Group will assist each or both of the Lead Agencies in distribution,based on a supplement to this cost estimate. Prepare Responses to Public Review Comments The Lead Agencies will provide Chambers Group with copies of all oral and written public comments received on the documents during the public review period. We will review the public comments and prepare responses. Responses and the public comments will be included under separate cover and submitted to the Lead Agencies for review. Chambers Group will revise the responses, if necessary, based on the Lead Agency's reviews, and resubmit the responses. I t i s a ssumed, for costing purposes, t hat one iteration and revision o f responses t o p ublic review comments will be prepared, and 10 copies each of the responses will be prepared for each agency. Prepare Mitigation Monitoring Program Chambers Group will provide a draft Mitigation Monitoring Program (MMP)at the time of submittal of the responses to the review comments. The plan will include all proposed mitigation measures and the following: ➢ project time period to which the measure applies, ➢ future review or reporting requirements involved in a measure, ➢ responsibility for implementation of the mitigation, ➢ requirements for monitoring, ➢ monitoring and reporting frequency, and ➢ sanctions for noncompliance. Chambers Group has prepared a number of monitoring plans for various agencies, and will work with both Lead Agency's staff to prepare the monitoring plan in a format acceptable to both agencies.This program will be submitted to the Lead Agencies for administrative review,comment,and modification,if necessary. One iteration and revision of the MMP is assumed, for costing purposes. Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Qifice Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 Chambers Group Inc. Environmental Services Biological Resources Cultural Resources SPECIFIC APPROACH TO ISSUE AREAS Biological Resources Biological resources at the proposed project site will be evaluated by completing background research and database searches and performing a reconnaissance-level field survey. This survey will be presented in a Biological Technical Report, which could be included as an appendix to the EA. Three sub-tasks have been scope for biological resources: the background research and reconnaissance-level field survey, the BTR, and two meetings with agency personnel to discuss the project and potential consultation or mitigation necessary for the completion of the proposed project. Background Research and Reconnaissance-Level Field Survey Initially, background research will be completed to review all recent biological reports that have been completed in the immediate vicinity, such as those completed for the proposed new interchanges at Date Palm, Palm, and Bob Hope Drive. In addition, the most recent state database searches will be run to determine what sensitive species have been found in the area (California Natural Diversity Database and California Native Plant Society's Electronic Inventory). This information will be used to help guide field surveys and ensure that all species of concern are addressed in the Biological Technical Report and EA. Biological issues of concern to the California Department of Fish and Game (CDFG), and the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) in the proposed project area include the following sensitive species: ➢ Coachella giant sand treader cricket ➢ Coachella Valley fringed-toed lizard ➢ Flat-tailed horned lizard ➢ Burrowing owl (burrows) ➢ Willow flyactcher ➢ Peninsular big horn sheep Of these species, the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard and willow flycatcher are listed by the CDFG as endangered species, and the Coachella Valley fringe-toed lizard is s federally-threatened species. Other species on this list are species of special concern to CDFG or to the on-going Coachella Valley Multiple-Species Habitat Conservation Planning (MSHCP) Process. In addition, sensitive desert fan palm oasis woodlands are located within less than a mile of the proposed trail construction near Dead Indian Creek and may be affected by the project. For the species listed above, the biological reconnaissance survey will either satisfy the requirements for those species, or determine the need to do further surveys. No focused sensitive species survey will be completed as part of this scope. If the reconnaissance survey determines that these surveys are needed, they can be performed under a separate scope and cost proposal. Biological Technical Report The Biological Technical Report(BTR)will then be prepared detailing the methods and results of the database search and the site surveys. The BTR will conform to recent County of Riverside Guidelines for Biological Reports. The information contained in this BTR will also be sufficient to be used to prepare the biological resources section of the environmental document. The BTR will include the following sections: Introduction, Methods, Plant Communities, Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Office Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 Chambers Group Inc. i=i lvirffraenta,Sz rvices Bioiogsc-ai Resources Cu'tural Resources Wildlife, Sensitive Species and Habitats (including wetlands and Waters of the U.S.), Impacts, Proposed Mitigation and Literature Cited. Site photographs and a list of all plants and wildlife observed or detected during the site surveys will be included as appendices. Chambers Group will evaluate the anticipated direct and indirect impacts to biological resources on the project sites and in the vicinity. Potential impacts to native and non-native habitats and to sensitive species will be addressed and evaluated per CEQA guidelines.The impact section of the BTR will also include a discussion of applicable laws dealing with biological resources such as the Endangered Species Act and Migratory Bird Treat Act. Mitigation measures necessary to reduce the anticipated impacts will be developed by Chambers Group and coordinated with the CDFG and USFWS. Any potential unavoidable adverse impacts will be identified. Agency Coordination Because part of the proposed project lies with critical habitat for the peninsular big horn sheep,agency coordination will be required between the City, BLM, USFWS,and CDFG.This scope of work includes two agency meetings to discuss the potential impacts of the proposed project and any mitigation or formal Section 7 consultation that may be required to complete the project. Chambers Group will coordinate the meetings, and the Chambers Group lead biologist will attend these meetings. Cultural Resources Record Search and Archaeological Field Survey A cultural resources records search will be conducted with the Eastern Information Center located at the University of California, Riverside to determine the extent and results of previous cultural resources studies that have been conducted in and near the project area. The record search will be followed by an intensive field survey of the entire project area. The project area will be examined for the presence of archaeological(both prehistoric and historic-period) sites or features and architectural resources (i.e., historic-period structures). Any identified cultural resources will be recorded in detail according to standards established by the California Office of Historic Preservation and appropriate California Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR) 523 forms will be prepared. For the purposes of costing, it is assumed that no m ore than two archaeological sites or architectural features will be encountered within the project area. If more than two cultural resources are found,additional funds may be required for the field documentation of the site(s)and preparation of DPR 523 records.This scope of work does not include formal evaluation of resources or mitigation of adverse effects. If any cultural resources are encountered in the project area that would require evaluation for eligibility to the National Register of Historic Places or the California Register of Historical Resources to adequately assess project impacts or efforts to mitigate adverse effects,a separate scope of work and cost estimate will be submitted to the City for that level of work. Archaeological Technical Report A draft technical report documenting the methods and results of the record search and field survey will be prepared, with one copy submitted to the City of Palm Desert and one copy submitted to the BLM for review. Upon receipt of comments,the report will be finalized and one copy submitted each to the City and to BLM.One additional copy of the final report will be submitted to the Eastern Information Center for their files. DPR 523 records for any recorded sites Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Mice Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414, Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 Chambers Group Inc. Ei vironrteento Sery>is Biological Resources cooral Re,;our.: will be included as an appendix to the technical report. This scope of work does not include consultation with the State Historic Preservation Office or Native American groups, and nor does it include any paleontological research or reports. If those services are required, a separate scope of work will be provided to the City for those tasks. Other Issue Areas The CEQA checklist will be used to discuss other issue areas for the disciplines as listed below. At this point,several of the issues areas would not be expected to have any impacts. Those sections will be addressed very briefly to substantiate the checklist questions. Aesthetics—The focus of the section will be any construction effects on the visual environment and post-construction consistency/visual compatibility with the adjacent vegetation/terrain. Agricultural Issues—No impacts would be expected as no agricultural lands would be involved. Air Quality—Issues of construction dust and equipment criteria pollutants. Expected to not be significant, but needs to be addressed. Hazards/Hazardous Materials— No impacts would be expected. Hydrology/Water Quality—Trail development could slightly change water runoff hydrology,but would be expected to not be significant. During construction erosion controls may be required. If areas outside of the trail but within the construction zone may be temporarily impacted by removal of vegetation,erosion control materials may be necessary until vegetation is reestablished. Impacts to water quality will be assessed, but at this point would not be expected to be impacted. Land Use and Planning — No impacts would be expected. As we understand there are no easement issues, the lands involved are owned by the City and BLM. Mineral Resources—No impacts would be expected. Noise—There would be short-term impacts during construction that will be documented in the analysis. In addition,a small increase in noise may result from the actual trail use. No noise measurements are proposed to be conducted at this time, as we believe there would be no nearby sensitive receptors that could be impacted. It would be expected that with only a 2-foot wide trail that it would be limited to pedestrian and perhaps bicycle use only. Population and Housing—No impacts would occur. Public Services— The new trails will require trail maintenance and this issue will be addressed. Recreation— The new trails will provide a beneficial use for the community, and will offset the loss of use from any temporary seasonal restrictions associated with closure/restrictions on the Art Smith Trail. Transportation — Access to the new trails will be described, and any potential effects on traffic or parking will be addressed. Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Qffice Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 Chambers Group Inc. iivrurimeiita ..c:....S Biotojlcai Resources t1;Wt x11 Ra sout';es Utilities and Services Systems—No impacts would be expected, as there would be no issues pertaining to utilities and services. At this time, it is assumed that no lighting,water or restroom facilities would be associated with these trails. COST ESTIMATE AND COSTING ASSUMPTIONS Chambers Group proposes to complete all work tasks for a not-to-exceed price of$32,000 based on the SOW presented above. Additional assum ptions are presented below. ➢ The cost to prepare the CEQA/NEPA document does not include activities outside the scope of work presented in our proposal. ➢ Hourly labor rates are fully loaded based on overhead and profit from our standard GSA fee schedule. D. The cost estimate for printing/binding/mailing is based on the number of documents as indicated in the proposal. Reproduction services estimates are based on inhouse reproduction services. The proposal assumes three copies to each agency of the screencheck document with one round of review insertions, and production of 40 copies of the EMS. Ten copies of the responses to comments will be prepared assuming one iteration. D. Costing assumes three meetings, one kick-off meeting and two meetings during preparation of the document and responses to comments, attended by two Chambers Group staff members. D. Aside from site visits, and the field work described for biological and cultural resources, no other field work is proposed at this time. If after our review of available information and the gathering of data from the agencies, we find that we have insufficient data to make an informed analysis,we will discuss the issue with agencies'staff, discuss options and mutually determine the approach for completion of the document. D. Costs to prepare the responses to comments based on a typical amount of public and agency comment for a document of this scope. The cost estimate is based on the assumption that 40 pages of comment letters will be received(average of 20 commentors). If more than 40 pages are received,the costs will increase in accordance with Chambers Group's time and materials rates. ➢ This cost estimate is valid for a period of 90 days from the submittal date (i.e., October 3, 2002). Beyond 90 days, Chambers Group reserves the right to reevaluate the estimated costs. ➢ The costs provided herein are based on completion of all tasks as defined in the technical proposal,and based on the information contained in the RFP. The scope of work may be modified as a result of agencies' discussion, and adequacy review of agency supplied and other background material which was not available to Chambers Group,Inc. during the proposal preparation. Should such change in scope of work be contemplated,Chambers Group reserves the right to modify the estimated costs accordingly. ➢ Change orders will be issued and signed by the agency and Chambers Group before starting additional work not provided for in the original proposal. If the agency's authorized representative is not available for a signature, the additional out-of-scope work will not commence until the change order is signed. D. If the scope of work is interrupted due to no fault of Chambers Group,the contract shall be considered complete and billing for work performed up to the time of cancellation shall become due and payable immediately upon presentation of Chambers Group's invoice. Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Office Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 Chambers Group Inc. Ery runme rta:i rri.e., Biological Resources Cuitural Resources ➢ Cost and schedule estimates are based on our best judgment of the requirements known at the time of the proposal and can be influenced favorably or adversely by Client needs and other circumstances. Chambers Group will endeavor to perform the services and accomplish the objectives within the estimated costs and schedule but there is no guarantee or warrantee, expressed or applied, regarding the execution of this contract within those estimates. ➢ Chambers Group shall not be held responsible for work delays or cancellations caused by strikes,accidents,acts of God, delays imposed by the Client,or other delays beyond the control of Chambers Group. Chambers Group reserves the right to pass through actual costs resulting from any such delays, including demobilization and remobilization costs. ➢ This proposal was prepared by Chambers Group solely for your internal use in evaluating Chambers Group's business proposal and deciding whether or not to contract with Chambers Group to perform the services described in this proposal. Chambers Group considers the pricing and other business information the property of Chambers Group. This proposal and the information contained herein shall not be used for any purpose other than as specifically stated above and shall not be disclosed to any other party without Chambers Group's written consent. ➢ No verbal promises or changes to any part of this proposal will be honored by Chambers Group unless documented in writing and signed with an authorized signature from Chambers Group. ➢ It is assumed by Chambers Group that the agencies will reimburse Chambers Group for all internal and external costs,including legal or other contractually related issue fees,that are the result of any challenges to the documents. These costs are not included in the cost estimate. If you have any questions regarding our scope or costs please call me at (949)261-5414. Sincerely, CHAMBERS GROUP, INC. Linda Brody Program Manager Corporate Headquarters Inland Empire Office Los Angeles 17671 Cowan Avenue,Suite 100 302 Brookside Avenue 350 South Grand Avenue,Suite 3920A Irvine,California 92614 Redlands,California 92373 Los Angeles,California 90071 (949)261-5414,Fax(949)261-8950 (909)335-7068,Fax(909)335-6318 (213)613-1450,Fax(213)613-1465 16 :«., 4 ,,° t ra f, N +x { x_; g • dOO1 �i2�dd DWWOH r } . ENO 3SdHd 0, - S .•t I. 1 1 l . , _.. t- h . 611 • •,, y ar .41-'M' --,..•G7«yrf '1 1;,..- T " •T"`� 4 • yam( r • MJ{ r Wr ' . k : .. '4 � yre # . m t 4 4 , ,, :.'� 'tick_ +r. +�'P! . A -CC l W Not • ` a • 1 ' 1l ik � 1. • • .+ r Y-,N r � :A'T�', Ft•'r • R .r.�bl_ -�' • LL ., '� , 4!- P. M i t-'"- " , ,_ _ #F f ,�,._ ! 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