Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAboutInformational Item Congestion Management Plan INTEROFFICE MEMORANDUM TO: City Council and City Manager FROM: Richard J. Folkers, Assistant City Manager/Public Works Director SUBJECT: INFORMATIONAL ITEM: CONGESTION MANAGEMENT PLAN DATE: October 11 , 1990 Attached is a copy of the Congestion Management Plan for the Riverside County Transportation Commission. The Public Works Director is one of the three representatives of this committee For the eastern portion of Riverside County. At this point in time, the only street that affects the City of Palm Desert as far as being on the Congestion Management Network is Monterey Avenue with various portions under the jurisdiction of the Cities of Palm Desert and Rancho Mirage and the County of Riverside. The state routes of Highways 74 and 111 are included, but they are under the jurisdiction of the State of California. /(.9-LC-46) RICHARD J. FOLKERS, P.E. RJF/ms Attachment RIVERSIDE COUNTY TRANSPORTATION COMMISSION October 1, 1990 TO: RCTC Technical Advisory Committee CMP Subcommittee FROM: James W. Werle, Senior Staff Analyst THROUGH: Paul Blackwelder, Deputy Executive Director SUBJECT: Congestion Management Program (CMP) Draft Work Program and Schedule The Congestion Management Work Program has been revised and detailed. It is comprised of twelve primary tasks: 1. Initiate Development of CMP Work Program. 2. Designate System of Highways and Roadways. 3. Develop Transportation Modeling Program. 4. Establish Level of Service Criteria. 5. Develop Program to Analyze Land Use Impacts. 6. Develop Methodology for Deficiency Plans. 7. Establish Public Transit and Rail Standards. 8. Develop TDM/Air Quality Elements. 9. Develop Capital Improvement Program (TIP). 10. Develop CMP Compliance and Monitoring Process. 11. CMP Development and Implementation. 12. Submit Draft CMP/TIP to SCAG. Staff Recommendation Staff requests the TAC/CMP Subcommittee review and approve the CMP work program. :jw attachment EXHIBIT B CONGESTION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM ORGANIZATIONAL CHART RCTC (Commission) VP W RCOG CVAG Board Board RCTC TAC Subcommittee comprised of: TAC - 3 City Reps - Eastern Co. CM P - 3 City Reps - Western Co. Subcommittee - County of Riverside - Caltrans Districts 08 & 11 - WRCOG - CVAG - SCAG/CVAG Modeling Staff - Other City Reps in Attendance SEPTEMBER 14, 1990 DRAFT WORK PROGRAM RIVERSIDE COUNTY CONGESTION MANAGEMENT PROGRAM PURPOSE: This Work Program has been prepared to identify Tasks, the Project Schedule (see Exhibit A) , and Costs associated with development of a comprehensive Congestion Management Program (CMP) for Riverside County required by AB 471 (Katz) and AB 1791 (amendments) . The Work Program will be forwarded to the Riverside County Transportation Commission (Commission) Technical Advisory Committee (TAC) CMP Subcommittee, the TAC, and the Commission for review and approval . Commission staff will be responsible for preparation of the CMP in conjunction with its consultants, member agency staff, Caltrans, Districts 08 and 11, other affected agencies, the Western Riverside County Association of Governments (WRCOG) , and the Coachella Valley Association of Governments (CVAG) . An organizational flowchart identifying responsible and affected agencies is provided in Exhibit B. For purpose of this Work Program, Commission staff and the consultant comprise the "Project Team" . BACKGROUND: In 1989 , a comprehensive, six-bill Transportation and Passenger Rail Bond Funding Package known as the Katz-Kopp-Baker-Campbell Transportation Blueprint for the Twenty-First Century was passed by the State Legislature. Following negotiations to increase the level of financing for transportation improvements and revise the Gann expenditure limit, the bills were signed by the Governor. The new funding package, including the gas tax increase, was approved by voters in California in June and provided for the State Constitutional Amendment to raise the Gann Limit (SCA-1) . The expenditure package will provide approximately $18 . 5 billion in new transportation revenues over the next ten years. The package included a phased increase of a total of nine cents per gallon in the state diesel and gas tax over the next five years. Collection of the first five cents of the gas tax increase (Phase 1) , began in August, 1990. A principal component of the funding package is AB 471, authored by Assemblyman Richard Katz (D, Panorama City) , Chairman of the Assembly Transportation Committee, and AB 1791 (amendments) . The legislation established a number of new requirements governing the 1 The CMP Lead Agency must designate a system of highways and roadways to include, at a minimum, all state highways and principle arterials. Traffic LOS Standards: The methodology for measuring LOS must be that contained in Circular 212 or the most recent version of the Highway Capacity Manual unless the CMP agency approves the use of another method determined to be consistent with the Highway Capacity Manual; and Minimum traffic standards must be set no lower than LOS "E" for any segment or intersection on the CMP system, unless the current LOS is lower (i.e. "F") . Land Use Impact Analysis: - The CMP must include a program to analyze the impact of land use decisions by jurisdictions on the regional transportation system, including an estimate of costs to mitigate those impacts; and - The CMP agency is to provide a uniform database on traffic impacts "for use in a countywide transportation computer model" . The CMP agency will approve the computer models used within its jurisdiction -- modeling methodology and data bases must be consistent with those of the regional planning agency. Deficiency Plans: - AB 471 and AB 1791 provide for the development of Deficiency Plans. The bills state that a city or county may designate as deficient those individual segments or intersections which do not meet the established level of service standards, if prior to the designation at a noticed public hearing, the city or county has adopted a Deficiency Plan. The bills also identify the minimum requirements for the content of Deficiency Plans. Transit Service Standards: - Must be established for service frequency (i.e. headways) , routing, and coordination among multiple transit agencies operating within the CMP jurisdiction. Trip Reduction and Travel Demand Element: 3 PREPARATION OF THE DRAFT CMP The tasks associated with preparation of the Draft CMP shall be undertaken by the Project Team unless otherwise specified. Given the expertise of various local, regional, and state agency staffs within Riverside County, task responsibilities will be divided among the Project Team and other agencies. All tasks and subtasks shall be documented, technical policy issues shall be addressed, as necessary, and the Draft CMP shall be prepared. Major policy issues shall be reviewed by the TAC CMP Subcommittee, the WRCOG, and CVAG, and then forwarded to the TAC and Commission for review and approval . TASK 1: DESIGNATION OF THE CMP LEAD AGENCY AB 471 and AB 1791 direct each county to designate a CMP Lead Agency to develop and monitor the CMP. The CMP Lead Agency can either be the County Transportation Commission, or another public agency, as designated by resolutions adopted by the county board of supervisors and the city councils of a majority of the cities representing a majority of the population in the incorporated areas of the county. The county and the cities can, if they agree, designate an existing public agency or form a new agency to develop and monitor the CMP. The Commission discussed alternatives for designating existing agencies or creating a new agency to act as the CMP Lead Agency on June 11, 1990 and forwarded letters requesting support of the designation of the Commission to the County of Riverside and each of the cities. TASK 2 : DESIGNATION OF THE SYSTEM OF HIGHWAYS AND ROADWAYS AB 471 and AB 1791 require development of a CMP to establish traffic level of service (LOS) standards for a system of highways and roadways designated by the CMP Lead Agency. This system shall include, at a minimum, all state highways and principal arterials, both new (to be implemented during the STIP cycle) , and existing facilities. Once designated, no component of the system can be removed. To meet the requirements of this task, responsibility for research, data compilation, and technical analysis will be assumed by the Project Team. The resulting analysis shall be incorporated into the Draft CMP. Task 2 . 1: Develop criteria to select the System of Highways 5 development of the Future Year RIVSAN subregional traffic model which also incorporates the CMP System of Highways and Roadways designated in Task 2 . Task 3 . 4 : SCAG/RCTC and CVAG will be responsible for development of the Future Year CVATS subregional traffic model which also incorporates the CMP System of Highways and Roadways designated in Task 2 . The following information shall be documented in Tasks 3 . 1 through 3 . 4 : o Describe the models and database(s) currently used in Riverside County for subregional travel demand projections (RIVSAN and CVATS) . Describe how these models incorporate growth and demographic projections; o Describe other computer models that might be used by local jurisdictions for specific subareas within the County, and their relationship to the RIVSAN and CVATS models, specifically, structure and application. Assess what criteria would be used to determine subareas; o Describe the model (s) used by SCAG (GMA 4 Mod J/H) to project Riverside County growth and traffic, and to establish the assumptions for transportation improvements contained in the Regional Mobility Plan (RMP) ; o Identify and evaluate how both the Riverside County (RIVSAN and CVATS) and SCAG models project highway and transit demand, and how mode split is determined, or is to be determined; and o Discuss the conflicts and discrepancies between the Riverside County and SCAG input data, and identify the policy issues which should be addressed such as trip reduction, growth management (jobs/housing balance) , and transportation improvement requirements. Evaluate the RIVSAN and CVATS models and data base(s) for their consistency with those used by SCAG. Task 3. 5: The Project Team, working with SCAG modeling staff, shall apply the suggested modeling process to assess land use impacts associated with a recent development proposal which includes a completed traffic impact analysis. The results of this analysis will assist staff in determining the process through which development proposals should be evaluated, and the threshold or level of development which has the potential to impact the 7 implemented on a Countywide basis for the Base Year which reflects existing and vested development. Discuss how consistency with the established standard is to be determined and monitored. Task 4. 3: Assess how a LOS standard is to be established and implemented on a Countywide basis for the Future Year which reflects the Base Year and the Future Year socioeconomic data bases developed by SCAG, and the land use factors and socioeconomic data bases developed for the subregional traffic models. Discuss how consistency with the established standard is to be determined and monitored. Task 4 .4 : Consider alternatives for acquiring traffic count data. Identify existing count locations and additional locations along the CMP network where counts will be necessary. Determine the level and type of counts which will be necessary to develop the LOS analysis. Task 4.5: Discuss how transportation demand management (TDM) measures designed to reduce vehicle trips and vehicle miles traveled (VMT) could, in conjunction with the use of transportation system management (TSM) measures, affect LOS calculations. TASK 5: LAND USK COORDINATION AB 471 and AB 1791 require that the CMP include an element that analyzes the impacts of land use decisions made by local jurisdictions on the regional transportation system, and estimates the costs associated with mitigating those impacts. This program does, however, exclude local land use decisions pertaining to proposed developments specified in development agreements entered into prior to July 10, 1989. Also excluded from the program are costs associated with mitigating the impacts of interregional travel. Credit must be provided for local public and private contributions to improvements on the regional transportation system. For toll road facilities, however, such credit can only be provided for contributions which are not reimbursed from toll revenues or other state or federal funds. The Commission, as the CMP Lead Agency, will be responsible for calculating the amount of credit to be provided. This task is one of the most significant elements of the CMP Work Program since it focuses on a central objective of AB 471 and AB 9 - Based on the above review, evaluate the feasibility of developing a standardized Countywide program for determining land use impacts and resulting mitigation requirements. Discuss the cross-jurisdictional coordination problems that would be involved in project review, permit processing, and monitoring; - With respect to monitoring land use and growth, and determining land use impacts and resulting mitigation requirements, discuss the implications of excluding proposed developments specified in development agreements entered into prior to July 10, 1989 , and how that would be accomplished; and - Evaluate the extent to which implementing AB 471 and AB 1791 may necessitate a centralized land use and transportation planning process within Riverside County. Task 5.2 : Develop a program which estimates mitigation costs and how they are to be implemented and coordinated Countywide. Prior to the development of Tasks 5 . 1 and 5. 2 , the Project Team shall prepare a Policy Options Paper that discusses and presents recommendations to the TAC CMP Subcommittee on the following issues: o What organizational mechanisms can or should be used to coordinate or centralize the impact assessment and mitigation requirements of AB 471 and AB 1791 between the County and its 20 cities? What alternative roles could be assumed by the Commission as the CMP Lead Agency? What are the principal adjustments needed to local planning, zoning and permitting functions, and how might these be both minimized and accomplished? Can the existing CEQA process be established to accomplish these issues? o Should an explicit process be established requiring each transit operator to review impacts of land use decisions on their system' s operating and capital needs? o What is the potential for integrating the impact analysis and mitigation requirements under this Task with the process for meeting the LOS Standard under Task 4? 11 different from those used for LOS calculations under Task 4 . Develop a process that the Commission (CMP Lead Agency) could use to review and approve Deficiency Plans; and Discuss how Deficiency Plans developed by individual jurisdictions can be coordinated on a Countywide basis. Task 6. 3 : Describe a generic range of improvements that a) might be used to maintain the minimum required LOS standard at locations of identified deficiencies (segments or intersections) , and b) those which would constitute improvements, programs, or actions that would measurably improve LOS for the entire designated system. Task 6. 4 : Develop criteria which can be applied to determine the impact of neighbor agency projects on other agency Deficiency Plans. Prior to the development of Tasks 6. 1 through 6. 4 , the Project Team shall develop and prepare a Policy Options Paper that discusses and presents recommendations on the following issues: o Should the identification of deficiencies and the development of Deficiency Plans be coordinated on a Countywide basis? What are the options for establishing such a process? o If the process is not coordinated, how should the Commission respond to cases of reluctance or inaction by local jurisdictions which could jeopardize Countywide compliance with CMP requirements? o What criteria should be used in determining whether to accept or reject a Deficiency Plan? Further, assess the extent to which: o Improvements to measurably improve air quality could be the same as, or correspond to, those projects in the Seven-Year CIP that are required to mitigate regional impacts and conform to air quality mitigation measures. (See Task 9) . o Develop programs or actions designed to measurably improve air quality which are the same as, or correspond to, those programs or actions which are required of local governments to implement select Control Measures and other provisions of the regional Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) . (See the AQMP elements of Task 8 . ) 13 Task 7.2 : Describe and summarize how the frequency and routing of bus transit services in the County are determined, and identify the principal operational considerations and facility requirements (transit centers, park-and-ride lots, etc. ) ; and Develop a process for determining the impact of transit and rail passenger improvements on the LOS associated with Deficiency Plans, and on adopted LOS standards. Prior to development of Tasks 7 . 1 and 7 . 2 , the Project Team shall develop and prepare a Policy Options Paper that discusses and presents recommendations on the following issues: o Are the operational standards currently used for determining the frequency and routing of public transit services within Riverside County adequate for purposes of meeting AB 471 and AB 1791 requirements? If not, what changes to these standards should be required? o How should future countywide rail service, including both state and private operations, be incorporated into the CMP? o How can the SRTPs and the Triennial Performance Audit process be integrated into the CMP process? TASK 8: TRANSPORTATION DEMAND MANAGEMENT/AIR QUALITY AB 471 and AB 1791 require that the CMP include a trip reduction and travel demand element that promotes alternative transportation methods such as carpools, vanpools, transit, bicycles, and related park-and-ride lots; improvements in the balance between jobs and housing; and development of strategies including flexible work hours and parking management programs. To meet the requirements of this task, responsibility for research, data compilation, and technical analysis will be developed by the Project Team and incorporated into the Draft CMP. Specific tasks include the following: Task 8. 1: Evaluate and compare the linkage or interface between the adopted Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) and the CMP requirements under AB 471 and AB 1791. Consideration should be given to the following AQMP components: Transportation Demand Management (TDM) - related Control Measures to be developed 15 o What options should be considered for establishing a TDM program for purposes of AB 471 and AB 1791. Alternatives include: (1) Implementing SCAQMD' s Regulation XV Program as the principal TDM component for the CMP and integrating other local programs as appropriate; and (2) Pursuing adoption of TDM model ordinances by local governments Countywide, assuring compatibility with Regulation XV, as required. o What options should be considered for monitoring and enforcement of the TDM program under each of the respective alternatives identified above? o How can TDM and TSM efforts be monitored to ensure the mitigation of LOS deficiencies (see Task 6) and land use impacts (see Task 5) ? TASK 9 : CAPITAL IMPROVEMENT PROGRAM (TIP PROCESS) STAFF HOURS: 50 COST: $3,210 AB 471 and AB 1791 require the CMP to include a Seven-Year Capital Improvement Program (CIP) to maintain or improve the traffic level of service and transit performance standards developed in Task 7 . Further, they require the CMP mitigate regional transportation impacts defined in Task 5 in a manner that conforms to transportation-related vehicle emission air quality mitigation measures. To meet the requirements of this task, the CIP requirements shall be the same as, and accomplished through the RTIP/STIP development process. The Project Team shall document the procedure in the Draft CMP. Specific tasks include: Task 9 . 1: Based on the process for evaluating transportation improvement projects, develop a proposed Model Seven-Year CIP, and coordinate the RTIP and CMP processes; and Evaluate the level of consistency between the model Seven-Year CIP (TIP) and SCAG' s Transportation Conformity Guidelines developed for the regional Air Quality Management Plan (AQMP) . Particular attention should be given to SCAG' s definition of a regionally significant project and its environmental review requirements. Discuss any problems that may arise regarding SCAG' s responsibility to make a finding that projects in 17 projected programming for the next several TIP cycles; Compare programmed Riverside County projects against available and projected revenues by source and category, and estimated net contributions from projected CMP subventions; Identify and evaluate what County projects should be included in the CMP Seven-Year CIP, and factors involved in making such determinations, such as local priorities and funding mix; and Identify the parameters which SCAG would use to determine that a CMP is consistent with the RMP, and compatible with other CMPs in the region. Prior to development of Task 10. 1, the Project Team shall develop and prepare a Policy Options Paper that discusses and presents recommendations to the TAC CMP Subcommittee on the following issues: o How should Countywide priorities for transportation improvements be determined and who should make this determination? Should the CMP identify such projects by funding source and availability? o How might conflicting priorities from Caltrans or the CTC/STIP be resolved? o How can the problem of a potential finding by SCAG of inconsistency between the CMP and the RMP be avoided or resolved, including the possibility that the CMP might be found incompatible with other programs in the region? Local Agency Conformance/Monitoring: AB 471 and AB 1791 require the CMP Lead Agency (Commission) to monitor implementation of all elements of the CMP, and annually determine if the County and cities are conforming to the CMP including LOS standards, trip and travel demand reduction, and land use impact analyses. Nonconformance may result in the withholding of local gas tax funds. For purposes of conformance with LOS standards, the Commission as the CMP Lead Agency, shall exclude those deficient segments/intersections that are designated on an approved plan, as well as impacts from such sources as: interregional travel; facility construction, rehabilitation or maintenance; freeway ramp metering; traffic signalization done by the state or multi- jurisdictional agencies; and traffic generated by the provision of low income housing. 19 CMP Lead Agency, be utilized to provide traffic data? o What network of transportation facilities, including the state system, transit and rail facilities should be included in the CMP for purposes of monitoring the LOS E standards? o Identify how the problems that may exist in coordinating the monitoring function between multiple jurisdictions Countywide could be resolved. o What constitutes nonconformity, and what process or methods such as peer review or self-certification might Commission as the CMP Lead Agency use to make a local conformity finding? o What steps should be followed if a jurisdiction invokes local authority and refuses to conform with CMP requirements? o Are there options under AB 471 and AB 1791 for the Lead Agency (Commission) to phase in CMP requirements? TASK 11: CMP DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION AB 471 and AB 1791 require that the CMP be developed, adopted and annually updated. Locally, the program must be developed by the Commission (CMP Lead Agency) in consultation and cooperation with SCAG, Caltrans, WRCOG and CVAG, transit operators, Riverside County and its cities, and the SCAQMD. This task focuses largely on the procedural, administrative, and coordination activities related to CMP development, adoption, and the update process. It also raises numerous policy issues regarding the linkage to local growth management. To meet the requirements of this work effort, the Project Team shall process the Draft CMP consistent with the following tasks: Task 11. 1: Submit the Draft CMP to the TAC CMP Subcommittee for review. Task 11.2 : Upon review of the Draft CMP by the TAC CMP Subcommittee, distribute the Draft CMP for 30 day local, and regional review. Task 11.3: The Project Team shall prepare the Final CMP incorporating comments, as necessary. Task 11. 4: Submit the Final Draft CMP to the TAC, WRCOG, and CVAG for review and approval. 21 TASK 13: FINAL DRAFT CMP Reports and Exhibits: Task 13 . 1: The Project Team will prepare a Draft CMP by April, 30 , 1991 which combines all the components specified in Tasks 1 through 11 into a single volume. This product shall include any necessary exhibits, charts, tables, and appendices. Task 13 .2 : The Project Team will be required to verify and defend that all information submitted as services rendered is accurate and current. Furthermore, the consultant will be required to document the source (s) of all compiled information. All information generated as part of the consultant ' s or Commission staff ' s work shall become part of the public record on the project. Printing Requirements: Task 13 . 3 : The Commission shall be responsible for printing the Policy Papers, Technical Memorandums, and the Draft and Final CMP. Project Schedule: Task 13 . 3 : Development of the Draft CMP shall be performed in accordance with the CMP Work Program Schedule (see Exhibit A) . TASK 14 : PROJECT MANAGEMENT The Primary Consultant shall work with, and under the direction of, the Commission Project Manager and assigned staff and the Commission TAC CMP Subcommittee toward preparation of the CMP. The Program shall be prepared considering technical papers and alternative policy recommendations to be submitted for review and approval by the TAC, the COG' s and the Commission. Management functions will be performed jointly by the TAC CMP Subcommittee and the Project Team. The TAC CMP Subcommittee will provide direction in the development of technical components. The COG' s and Commission will provide direction in matters involving final policy decisions and relations with other governmental functions. The Project Team will prepare recommendations for presentation the TAC CMP Subcommittee and will be responsible for carrying the work forward to the COG' s and Commission. 23 CMP SCHEDULE 1990 1991 1992 JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN PREPARE CMP WORK PROGRAM •••••••••• •••••••• TASK I Initiate Development of CMP Work Program 1.1 Establish TAC CMP Sub-Committee • 1.2 Develop Tasks/Schedule of Work Activity ••••• 1.3 Identify Resonsible Agencies ••••• 1.4 Develop Person Year Costa ••• 1.5 Document CMP Work Program ••• 1.6 Submit Work Program to TAC CMP Sub-Committee • 1.7 Submit Work Program to TAC • 1.8 Submit Work Program to RCTC(Commission) • PREPARE DRAFT CMP •.••...•..••••••....•••••••••• TASK 2 Designate System of Highways and Roadways 2.1 Define Criteria for Selecting Network ••••• 2.2 Select Principal Arterials for Network ••••• 2.3 Forward to TAC CMP Sub-Committee for Review • 2.4 Forward to TAC,WRCOG,do CVAG for Review ••••• •• • TASK 3 Develop Transportation Modeling Program 3.1 SCAG(DKS)Validate 1987 Base Year RIVSAN •••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• Model, Add CMP Network 3.2 SCAG/CVAG Validate 1987 Base Year CVATS Model ••••••••••••••• ••••••••••••••••..•••••••.......t..•*••• 3.3 SCAG(DKS)Develop Future Year Model ••••• 3.4 SCAG/CVAG Develop Future Year Model *We 3.5 Apply Models to Assess Land Use Impacts •.....••.• 3.6 Establish Procedures for Funding/Administration ♦...•••••• CMP SCHEDULE 1990 1991 1992 JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC JAN TASK 9 Develop Capital Improvement Program (TIP) 9.1 Coordinate RTIP and CMP Process ••••••••••••••• TASK 10 Develop CMP Compliance and Monitoring Process 10.1 Develop Process For Consistency ••••• Between the CMP and RTP 2 Develop Process for Local Agency Conformance •••••••••• with CMP 10.3 Develop process to handle exceptions to LOS standards ••••••••••••••• and impacts from adjacent jurisdictions LOCAL REVIEW TASK 1 I CMP development and Implementation ••••••••••••••••••••••• 11.1 TAC CMP Sub-Committee Review • 11.2 30 Day Local and Regional Agency Review ••• ••• 11.3 Revise Draft CMP Considering 11.1 and 11.2 ••• 11.4 Submit Final Draft to TAC, Western COG, • and CVAG for Review 11.5 Submit Draft CMP to Commission and SCAG for Review • 11.6 Develop TIP Priorities Incorporating CMP Projects ••••• ' Submit Final TIP&CMP to Commission for Approval and • make Air Quality Conformance Finding REGIONAL(SCAG)REVIEW TASK 12 Submit Draft CMP/TIP to SCAG ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• 11.1 SCAG Executive Committee Adopts RTIP • 11.2 RTIP Submitted to CTC • 11.3 CTC Adopts STIP Aprll 1, 1992